Car Audio

Developing a speaker requires that the designer and engineer balance many different aspects, such as the application, cost and desired performance level of the end product. For the consumer, navigating the thousands of different speaker offerings on the market can be difficult. Two speakers can measure similarly regarding efficiency, power handling and frequency response, but still perform completely differently because of different distortion characteristics. Cone, dust cap and suspension resonance, motor non-linearity, and enclosure/application requirements play a crucial role in determining how the end-product will sound once installed in the listening environment. This article scratches the surface of looking at the benefits and drawbacks of choosing speakers by comparing coaxial and component speaker designs.

When Choosing Speakers, Define the Design

Component (or separate) speakers are a set of speakers that includes a set of dedicated midrange drivers and dedicated tweeters. Each of those four speakers requires a dedicated mounting location. By contrast, a coaxial speaker features a midrange driver with a tweeter mounted in the center of it. In most cases, the tweeter is on top of an extension post connected to the pole piece. Other coaxial designs use a bridge or mesh grille to suspend the tweeter over the midrange. These are sometimes called coaxially mounted components by marketing departments.

Benefits of Coaxial Speakers

In most cases, coaxial speakers are the less-expensive options in a product lineup. This pricing is due to the chosen target customer and not because you can’t make a high-quality coaxial speaker. Less-expensive magnets, baskets, cone materials and suspension components, and wider tolerances that allow for faster production with fewer rejected assemblies, all help reduce cost. The benefit is, if you need an inexpensive speaker, coaxials are a good solution.

Coaxial speakers can be installed faster, so they are less expensive to install. The integrated tweeter saves a lot of time during the installation process. Most coaxial speakers have integrated crossovers of some sort that don’t require special wiring or mounting. The net result is that your installer can get them up and running in your vehicle in about half the time it takes to install a component set, which means your labor charges will be reduced.

Benefits of Component Speakers

Most component speakers are made from better materials and have higher performance goals. High-end components can cost more than $5,000 for a set and often include premium passive crossover networks, elaborate installation accessories and – of course – amazing speakers. The sound that component speakers produce, when installed and tuned properly, can be amazing!

When a good set of components is tuned properly, most of the sound can appear to come from the tweeters. Having a separate tweeter allows your installer to mount it high in the vehicle – at the top of the door, on the dash or in the A-pillar. The combination of proper tuning and placement puts the music out in front of you, essentially at eye level. This higher soundstage is similar to what you would experience at a concert, listening to the band performing in front of you.

Many factors contribute to where and how your installer mounts the tweeters – your budget, your performance goals, and how much modification you want or will allow to your vehicle. All locations have their benefits and drawbacks. For example, a tweeter mounted on the dash or A-pillar is very near the windshield. The hard surface of the windshield can cause significant reflections. Alternatively, a mounting location in the upper section of the door may reduce these reflections, but may not raise the soundstage as high, or could make it appear to come from somewhere closer to you than the dash or pillar location.

A component speaker doesn’t have any of its output blocked by the tweeter, which eliminates some minor reflections . Likewise, with a coaxial speaker that uses a tweeter post, a component speaker can have a full dust cap. The dust cap moves with the cone and increases the driver cone area. Additional cone area increases the driver’s efficiency.

The Huge Role of Crossovers

Whether you choose a coaxial or component speaker set, you are going to need a crossover to handle splitting up the frequencies. In the most basic of speakers, a capacitor is used on the wire going to the tweeter to block low and midrange information. The midrange driver is allowed to roll off naturally – ideally, there are no significant high frequencies resonances that will affect the sound.

As you progress up through the quality of a speaker set, you will see steeper filter networks on tweeters. These steeper networks allow the tweeter to play to a lower frequency and then be stopped to protect it from excursion damage. At the same time, filtering the high-frequency output of the midrange is common in mid- to high-end crossover networks. Speaker manufacturers construct the most elaborate of crossover networks with premium components for both the high- and low-pass portions of the network. Adjustability is often built into the crossover for tweeter level. Small components can be overdriven and saturated, reducing their effectiveness. Large amounts of distortion can cause the tweeter cap to overload and explode.

The Option of Coincident-mounted Coaxial Speakers

The radiation pattern of a speaker is a sphere in its standard operating range. As frequency increases, this output pattern becomes more directional. When a tweeter is mounted at the base of a midrange, a phenomenon occurs called Intermodulation Distortion. As the cone of the midrange moves up and down to reproduce music, this moving surface modulates the reflections of the tweeter.

It is worth noting that the same thing happens when a single speaker cone is asked to reproduce high frequencies: The source of the high-frequency sounds moves forward and rearward as the speaker cone attempts to reproduce lower frequencies. This modulating effect is known as Doppler Distortion. These distortions, combined with the narrowing of the radiation pattern as frequency increases, are some of the many reasons why we have to use different-sized speakers to reproduce music accurately.

When shopping for a coaxial speaker, you will want to choose one that has the tweeter mounted low enough not to interfere with the installation of a grille or trim panel over top of the speaker. You should also look for a tweeter that has a small waveguide that prevents the output from bouncing off the midrange cone.

Shopping for Speakers

We could spend years discussing the different aspects of speaker design and performance. Suffice it to say that you should seek out the assistance of a seasoned and reputable professional for purchase and installation. Be sure to quantify as much of the purchase process as possible – your financial limits, cosmetic preferences regarding installation and performance goals for the system. You will want to use music you have listened to many times when auditioning speakers.

You may want to listen to both a set of more- and less-expensive speakers to help quantify the price point you have chosen. Finally, talk with the salesperson and, if possible, the installer about how and where the speakers will be installed. Be sure to ask about sound deadening, spacers, wiring and anything else that can affect the performance of the installed speaker.

Speaker shopping is a lot of fun, and getting new speakers for your car, truck, boat or motorcycle can be very exciting. Be patient – take your time and be thorough. You will enjoy your new purchase all that much more when you choose a great-sounding speaker and a skilled installer.

This article is written and produced by the team at www.BestCarAudio.com. Reproduction or use of any kind is prohibited without the express written permission of 1sixty8 media.

The speakers in your mobile entertainment system are one of the most critical components in determining how your system sounds. If you choose poorly designed speakers that have distortion issues from poor cone, suspension or motor design, no amount of signal processing can make your system sound great. The methods used to install your speakers are as important as the design of the speakers themselves. In this article, we are going to look into some of the common mistakes that occur during speaker installation and how to maximize the performance of your speakers.

Speakers Need A Stable Foundation

If you want to listen to a record player, you want the unit to be on a solid table or stand. You’d never try to hold the turntable on your lap – the needle would jump and bound all over the place. When it comes to speakers, you want all the energy from the motor to move the speaker cone and not the basket. Why would the basket move? Newton’s Third Law of Motion states: When one body exerts a force on a second body, the second body simultaneously exerts a force equal in magnitude and opposite in direction on the first body.

When the voice coil pushes the speaker cone out, the inertia of the cone is also pushing back on the fixed magnet. If the speaker isn’t mounted securely, it will buzz, vibrate and otherwise move around. These vibrations cause all manner of distortion.

Look at a set of high-end home audio speakers. Years ago, Linn had a set of narrow floor-standing speakers that used a pair of small midrange drivers, roughly 4.5 inches in diameter. The front baffle of the speaker enclosure was 1.5-inch thick MDF. If you knocked on it with your knuckles, it sounded like concrete. And yes, those speakers sounded excellent!

Speaker Installation – Consider Mass

To combat the forces generated by the moving speaker cone, you will want to consider beefing up the mounting surface. In the case of a subwoofer enclosure, an extra-thick front panel can help. Vertical braces on either side of the speaker mounting surface help even more. The best solution is to run full-size braces from the front of the enclosure to the rear. Full depth braces lock the front and rear panels together and add dramatic strength to the speaker mounting surface. These braces also control vibrations in the rear panel to improve performance further.

For a smaller speaker such as midrange or midbass driver in a door, adding strength is a little more difficult. The most common practice is to add a layer or two of butyl damping material (sound deadening) to the metal around the speaker. You can even add a layer or two on the inside of the door skin if you are concerned about thickness. Damping materials with an aluminum layer add a little extra mass.

If your installer is constructing a set of speaker mounting adapters, then ask if they are using a material that has some mass to it. HDPE and ABS are good; acrylic is even better. A material like Corian – the DuPont countertop material – is fantastic. You can easily cut and shape Corian and glue parts together with Cyanoacrylate (Crazy Glue). You may want to use thread inserts or t-nuts with all of these materials. While it is readily available and easy to work with, don’t use wood for speaker adapters inside doors – it will get wet, swell up and deform. It can also hold water and get moldy.

Speaker Installation – Location Matters

If your audio system is going to use factory speaker locations, most of the time these are acceptable to provide an unobstructed output path to the listening area. The last thing you want to do is block the output of the speaker by putting something in front of it. Keep magazines, books, paper and other objects from piling up in front of, or on top of, your speakers.

For subwoofers, the location of the sub has a dramatic effect on how it sounds. You want the energy from the subwoofer to be able to mix with the sound from your midbass speakers as easily as possible. For this reason, hatchbacks and SUVs are great for bass. If you have a sedan, then firing the output of your subwoofer through a ski pass-through works well. You can get away with firing subs into the trunk of a sedan, but you will want to ensure that your midbass drivers can play fairly low – say 75 Hertz or so – to ensure that you don’t lose impact and dynamics.

Back-Wave Cancellation Problems

We use speaker enclosures for two primary reasons – to limit the movement of the speaker cone and to prevent the sound coming from the rear of the speaker cone from canceling out the sound coming from the front. You need to prevent the rearward sound from mixing with the front. For midrange speakers, this means building good quality mounting adapters. Your installer can also use sound-deadening materials to seal up openings in the interior skin of your door panels. You will get better speaker performance with proper back-wave management than you will just buying better speakers.

Weather Protection Ensures Longevity

When mounting speakers in a door panel, it is inevitable that the back of the speaker will get wet. The interior of doors are not completely watertight, and this poses a challenge for installers. Creating an enclosure out of a water-resistant material would be the perfect option, but there is rarely enough mounting depth and it is difficult to create an enclosure that is large enough not to affect the performance of the speaker. For many years, installers have used foam ‘hats,’ cut in half to protect the top of the speaker from direct exposure to drops from the window seal. These are a good option. A thick foam gasket mounted behind the speaker mounting surface can also help. Companies like SoundSkins and F.A.S.T. Rings have ready to apply pre-cut solutions.

There are dozens of other considerations when it comes to having your speakers installed. The most important task for you is to partner with a retailer that does high-quality work and has an excellent reputation. Choosing great speakers for your car audio system is a lot of fun. Hearing them perform up to their potential is even better.

This article is written and produced by the team at www.BestCarAudio.com. Reproduction or use of any kind is prohibited without the express written permission of 1sixty8 media.

Adjusting or modifying audio signals is nothing new. Analog signal processors have been around recording studios and live performances for decades. Everything from equalizers to crossovers and compressors were conceived back when vacuum tubes were popular. As technology advanced, the size, cost and complexity of signal processors decreased. Now, many car audio source units contain more processing power than early recording studios. This article looks at digital signal processors (DSPs), what they do and why you need them.

A Hostile Environment

If we were to take a full-range home speaker into an open field and measure the frequency response, we’d see a fairly flat and smooth response curve. If you take that same speaker into a small room and measure the response again, you will see peaks and dips at various frequencies. This change in frequency response is not caused by the speaker, but by the room itself. Reflections cause nodes and anti-nodes (peaks and valleys) that dramatically affect the perceived frequency response of the speaker system. To maximize our enjoyment of that speaker, we need to apply signal correction to the speaker so what we hear is similar to what we would have experienced in that field.

In a car, we are very rarely able to sit directly in the middle of the left and right speakers. The driver is usually twice as far from the right speaker as from the left. We hear the output of the left speaker first and it seems as if that speaker appears to be playing louder – because it is closer. Keep this in mind as we discuss digital signal processors (DSPs).

Speaker Limitations

No single speaker can reproduce the entire audio spectrum from 20 Hz to 20 kHz with accuracy, detail and even dispersion of sound. Even if there were one that could do this, the distortion levels in the midrange and high-frequency sounds would still be high because of the excursion requirements of the speaker at low frequencies. Because of this, we make use of several different speakers to cover the audio band. Woofers or subwoofers cover the bass, and typically play up to 80 or 100 hertz. Midrange drivers cover the range from 100 Hz to around 4,000 Hz. Finally, we use tweeters to cover the remainder of the frequencies above 4,000 Hz. While these are approximations, they are common crossover points for these speakers.

A crossover is a device that limits the passing of audio signals. There are two common types used in car audio: high-pass and low-pass. Their name describes their function. A high-pass crossover allows frequencies higher than the crossover point to pass through, and a low-pass allows frequencies below the crossover point to pass. A high-pass crossover would be used to keep the deep bass out of a small door or dash speaker, while a low-pass crossover is used to keep midrange and high-frequency information out of a subwoofer. We can combine both kinds of crossovers to produce what is known as a bandpass crossover – we limited the low- and high-frequency information. We would use this on a midrange speaker when combining it with a woofer and a tweeter. (We will discuss crossovers in detail in another article.)

In car audio, we use both active and passive crossovers. Passive crossovers are a combination of capacitors, resistors and inductors that we connect to the speaker wires between the amp and the speaker. The behavior of the components, and how they are configured, limits what frequencies are allowed to pass through to the speaker.

An active crossover is an electronic device that affects the frequency response of the signal before the amplifier. The benefit of active crossovers is that it is easy to adjust them to different frequencies. Most, if not all, crossover components have to be replaced to adjust the crossover frequency of a passive network.

This information gives us a basic understanding of why we need signal processing. For decades, the mobile electronics industry survived and thrived using analog processing. Companies like AudioControl, Phoenix Gold, Rockford Fosgate and Zapco made equalizers and crossovers, and enthusiasts flocked to them like moths to a flame.

As computing power advanced, we saw products like the Rockford Symmetry appear. The Symmetry was an electronically controlled analog processor – a fantastic creation that allowed users to make many adjustments from a single computerized control panel.

The next evolution in signal processing was to do everything in the digital domain, instead of analog. How does that work?

Building Blocks

A DSP is a powerful audio signal processor with hardware and software that is optimized to perform high-speed processing in real time. Some of the less-expensive processors include the analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog converters within the chip itself. On the higher-end units, the analog converters are external components. Better D/A converters offer increased resolution and improved signal-to-noise ratio performance. Once the audio signal is in the digital domain, one DSP doesn’t vary much from another. Algorithms are written in a similar fashion for filtering, equalization and time alignment.

Why would we want a DSP and not an analog processor? In a DSP, there are no associated concerns about component tolerances or temperature variations that will affect the response of the processing. With the right interface, users can access different system presets quickly and store an unlimited number of configurations on their computers. Most DSP units don’t include any analog adjustments, like potentiometers or switches, which can get dirty or wear out over time. Vibrations that could lead to component failure in an analog system rarely affect DSPs.

Features of Digital Signal Processors

Once an analog signal is converted to digital, the available signal processing is limited only by the software that is written for the chosen unit. The limit on the features of the software is typically determined by the available memory of the processor itself. It takes space to store the program, and additional space to store the converted analog information as the processor works with the information. When you see one processor with more features than another, the difference is usually a memory limitation.

Inputs And Signal Summing

Most DSP units on the market can combine and adjust the level of audio signals on the input to the DSP. If you have a radio with front, rear and subwoofer outputs, you may want to maintain all of these channels discretely as you process the audio signal.

What about when you are trying to integrate with a factory amplifier? Perhaps you have a front door midrange and tweeter output from an amplifier that you need to use for your new front speakers. Most digital signal processors will allow you to combine signals from multiple inputs to facilitate applications like this.

Since different sources have different peak voltage levels, the inputs to your DSP have adjustable sensitivities. Just like the gain control on an amplifier, we want to set the input gains on our DSP to maximize the signal-to-noise ratio of the processor.

Crossovers And Filtering

As we mentioned, different size speakers are designed to focus their performance within different audio ranges. A 3-inch midrange will not play the same frequency range as a 1-inch tweeter or a 6.5-inch woofer. We use the crossovers in the DSP to divide up the frequencies sent to each output and speaker.

A benefit of doing all the crossover processing in the digital domain is that many digital signal processors offer different crossover filter alignments and roll-off slopes. The alignment describes the shape of the roll-off around the -3 dB point. This shape also affects how signals sum back together acoustically. Options are Butterworth, Linkwitz-Riley, Chebychev, Bessel and more. It’s not that one is better than another, but that each is distinct and different. We could write an entire article about crossover alignments.

The crossover slope describes how fast the audio stops playing as a signal moves away from the crossover point. Because it’s all digital, most digital signal processors offer slopes from -6 dB to -48 dB per octave, in steps of 6 dB or 12 dB, depending on the chosen alignment. In most cases with DSPs, 24 dB/Octave Linkwitz-Riley filtering works quite well, but there are dozens of different tuning approaches, so use what works well for you.

Time Alignment And Signal Delay

One of the coolest features of a digital signal processor is its ability to store the audio signal for a variable amount of time before sending it to the speaker. This storage ability allows a properly trained installer to delay the signal going to the speakers closest to the listener so the sound from created by them arrives at the listening position at the same time as the rest of the speakers. For four-way systems (subwoofer, midbass, midrange and tweeter), this setup and fine-tuning can take a little time.

Equalization

The ability to fine-tune the frequency response of each speaker in an audio system is a huge key to making that system sound amazing. We have to measure the response of each speaker at the listening position, then adjust the equalizer so each speaker produces a smooth response. There are many ways to achieve this.

Graphic equalizers typically offer 31 bands of equalization per channel and are spaced 1/3 of an octave apart. This spacing usually provides enough frequency resolution to resolve response issues. Graphic equalizers are easy to understand: You pick the desired frequency band, then boost or cut the signal by the amount of your choice.

Parametric equalizers are much more powerful, but can be a little more difficult to configure. In a parametric equalizer, the user can choose the frequency, bandwidth and amount of signal boost or reduction. Understanding the selection of frequency is simple, but understanding filter Q factor is more difficult. When it comes to Q, the basic concept is that a higher number means that the band adjustment affects a narrower range of frequencies. A low number, like 0.7 or 1, covers a wider range of frequencies. Setting up a parametric equalizer accurately takes some practice. That said, some software applications will provide setting information automatically after you measure the frequency response of the speaker or system.

Output Level And Remote Controls

Having the ability to tune the output level of each speaker finely is critical to the performance of an audio system. To achieve an accurate and balanced soundstage, the amplitude (level) of each speaker in the system must be adjusted very accurately. Output level control is also quite important to matching the efficiency of the different speakers.

Many DSP units have the option of a remote control. These controls can be used to adjust the overall system volume and adjust the subwoofer output level, and can typically load presets for the processor. More advanced controllers give you access to some of the system tuning features, allowing you to make adjustments without the need for a laptop computer. Displays on these remote controls vary from simple single-color dot-matrix LCD panels to full-color OEL displays that are easy to see in bright sunlight.

Digital Signal Processor Tuning – Art Or A Process?

There are many schools of thought about how to configure a DSP. Whether you do it using instrumented measurements or different acoustic techniques, we want to achieve proper protection for the speakers, smooth frequency response from both channels of the audio system and aligned arrival times from each speaker.

Many car audio manufacturers train their dealers in different methods of achieving a great “tune” on their customer vehicles. If you are looking to improve the sound of your mobile entertainment system and already have great speakers and amplifiers, visit your local car audio professional. They would be happy to demonstrate the benefits of DSPs, and provide you with the information you need to make an educated decision about buying one.

This article is written and produced by the team at www.BestCarAudio.com. Reproduction or use of any kind is prohibited without the express written permission of 1sixty8 media.